If both parents are heterozygotes, there is a 75% chance that their offspring will receive one or two copies of the disease-causing gene (i. Frameshift mutations (choice A) are the result of the deletion or insertion of a series of. Although the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide would produce a frameshift, it is highly unlikely that it would alter only a single amino acid. An in-frame mutation (choice B) is the insertion or deletion of a multiple of three nucleotides, so this single-nucleotide substitution cannot be an in-frame mutation. A nonsense mutation (choice D) is a single nucleotide substitution that produces a stop codon and thus truncation of the polypeptide. Thus, more than a sirigle amino acid would be altered in a typical splice-site mutation. Pleiotropy refers to the appearance of apparently unrelated characteristics resulting from a single genetic defect. It is often the result of the presence of a single altered molecule in multiple locations in the body, so that the single mutation has effects in multiple organ systems. In Marfan syndrome, for example, a defect in the fibrillin gene causes manifestations of the disease in the eye, aorta, and joirits. Anticipation (choice A) describes the finding that in some pedigrees, a disease trait occurs in earlier and earlier age groups as the generations progress. It is often a finding in pedi- grees in which trinucleotide repeat expansions are linked to disease expression. Imprinting (choice B) r~fers to the selective inactivati~n of a gene in one ~f the parental sexes during gametogenesis. Males and females inactivate different regions on several autosomal chromosomes, so that the maternal or paternal source of such a chromosome may have different results in the progeny. Incomplete penetrance (choice C) indicates that a certain fraction of individuals with a disease-producing genotype develop no symptoms. An example is hemochromatosis in which 1/300 people in the United States have the disease-producing genotype, but only about 1/2,000 ever show symptoms of the disease.
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Questions involving light the content you did not know, and study it until com- combinations of statements (multiple, multiple choice) mitted to memory. The test item classification consists of the presentation used in laboratory science lectures. Taxonomy 2 questions require calculation, correlation, comprehension, or relation. Taxonomy 3 questions require Design of Questions problem solving, interpretation, or decision making. Test questions used in certification examinations are mul- This question design allows you to compute a score, tiple choice. Each consists of a question, incomplete state- which helps you to identify strengths and weaknesses in ment, or problem to be solved called the stem and four various content areas and tasks. One of the alternatives is the correct time on a particular content area or on practicing with response and the remaining three are incorrect (these may questions of a specific taxonomy level. For example, if you be wrong, incomplete, partially correct, or less correct answer several mycology questions incorrectly, then you than the most appropriate response). If, xiii xiv Introduction however, you miss several recall questions (taxonomy minimum passing score usually falls within the range of 1 level) over several different content areas such as hema- 65%–70% correct responses. Poor perfor - you have not mastered the material in this area, and that mance with questions that require mathematical solutions further study is required. Begin with a review of the exam content outline that pretation or problem solving (taxonomy 3 level) is iden- is made available by the certification agency. For example, tified as a weakness, then the best approach is to study the if 20% of the exam is Microbiology but only 2% of the explanation that follows each question in order to under- exam is Laboratory Management, you should spend sig- stand the logic or reasoning behind the answer. Within each Because the answers and explanations appear on the content area will be subcategories (e. If 60% of the tear off the perforated flap and use it as a blocker to cover Microbiology content is Bacteriology and only 10% the answers while answering the questions. When you is Parasitology, then devote significantly more time to have answered a question, slide the blocker down the page studying the former.
Marus, 63 years: Besides anti-infammation, it also exhibited immuno- lines, and leakage of cell materials [18].
Spike, 50 years: The methicillin-resistant staphylococci also often show resistance to practically all other antibacterial agents.